To conclude, DNA carries all information responsible for building the entire body through carrying instructions necessary for making proteins. Abnormal mutations may occur in the DNA of a cell producing abnormal proteins which may disrupt normal processes in the body and lead to the formation of cancers. They form hormones and enzymes that carry signals between different cells as well as control chemical reactions in the body. Proteins are important components of many biological structures, such as tissues and organs. This information directs ribosomes to link small amino acids together forming a specific protein. Then, it travels outside the nucleus into the cytoplasm carrying the information to be read by ribosomes. Image Credit: Plociam, CC-licensed.īasically, one of the enzymes copies the information on the DNA of a gene into a messenger ribonucleic acid molecule (mRNA).
Figure 1 The genome is the sum of all genetic material in the body. Each nucleotide is made up of deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base, the nitrogenous base is named adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), or thymine (T).Įach strand of DNA is formed by linking two nucleotide bases by a phosphodiester bond, while two DNA strands are connected together by a hydrogen bond that forms the double helix structure.
The DNA molecule is composed of a double helix that is formed of nucleotides. Moreover, other noncoding DNA segments such as enhancers, promoters, and terminators have structural and regulatory roles they form the majority of the eukaryotic genome. There are 23 pairs of chromosomes carrying genes responsible for the synthesis of a protein with the aid of other messenger molecules and enzymes. Generally, every living cell contains about 3 billion base pairs of DNA which is a complete copy of the genome in a body. Genes are present on chromosomes found inside the nucleus of a living cell. The gene is a part of DNA that has instructions for making a certain protein or multiple proteins. It carries all information that makes the body. These studies give information that helps in understanding human health in addition to diseases related to mutations and inheritance.ĭNA is the unit forming genome.
While genomics is a term that refers to the study of gene functions, structure, analysis, regulation, mapping, editing, and evolution.
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